Sandralee Rodgers is the former owner of real property sold at public auction by the County of Monroe, New York, in a tax foreclosure sale. Shortly after the sale, but before a deed was recorded by the County and delivered to the purchaser, Rodgers filed a petition for relief under Chapter 13 of the bankruptcy code, which triggered its automatic stay provision. See 11 U.S.C. § 362. Rogers took the position that the automatic stay prevented the County from recording or delivering the deed. The County, on the other hand, concluded that the public auction completed the sale of the property and extinguished any rights Rodgers may have had in it and that, consequently, the automatic stay did not bar the transfer and recording of the deed. When the County conveyed the deed to the purchaser's assignee and accepted the remaining purchase price, Rodgers sought to have the County held in contempt for violating the automatic stay. The bankruptcy court concluded that the property was not part of Rodgers's bankruptcy estate since the public auction extinguished all her legal and equitable interests in the property. See 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1). On appeal, the district court agreed. We affirm.

The facts are undisputed. Rodgers owned a single-family residence in Webster, New York. She owed the County real-property taxes and related fees totaling approximately $7,300 and, on October 25, 2001, it sold the property for that amount to John Polchowski at a tax foreclosure sale. Pursuant to the terms of sale, Polchowski paid a deposit of ten percent, with the balance due a month later; upon payment, he would receive his deed. Polchowski subsequently assigned his bid and deposit at a premium to William Lissow, a named defendant.

On November 6, 2001, Rodgers filed a bankruptcy petition hoping that the automatic stay would block transfer of the deed and resurrect her ability, lost under state law, to redeem the property. She contended that since a deed had not been transferred, she retained "legal or equitable interests ... in property" that, upon the filing of this petition, became property of the estate. See 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1). Rodgers's Chapter 13 plan contemplated the payment of the delinquent real estate taxes, and related fees and interest, to the County. Rodgers insisted that transfer of the deed would violate the automatic stay, which bars "any act to obtain possession of property of the estate or of property from the estate or to exercise control over property of the estate." 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(3). The County, however, concluded that since, under New York law, the property had already been sold and Rodgers's right of redemption had expired, the property was not property of the bankruptcy estate. Accordingly, the County accepted the remaining balance due, recorded the deed, and delivered it to Lissow.

Rodgers moved in bankruptcy court to hold the County in contempt for having violated the automatic stay and to set the transfer aside. The bankruptcy court denied the motion:

As in the case of regularly conducted New York In Rem Mortgage Foreclosure Proceedings, in a New York In Rem [] Real Estate Tax Foreclosure Proceeding such as that conducted by the County of Monroe, ... once the owner's right to redeem has been extinguished by the completion of the public sale: (1) the foreclosed property is not property of the estate for purposes of Section 541, even though the owner may retain some incidents of ownership between the time of the public sale and the time when the referee delivers a deed; and (2) the Stay provided for by Section 362 does not apply to prevent the referee from delivering a deed.

(Jan. 10, 2002 Order (No. 01-24220) at 10).

Rodgers appealed to the district court, which affirmed "substantially for the reasons" given by the bankruptcy court. (June 14, 2002 Order (02-CV-6091L) at 1). Rodgers appeals this decision. Our review of a judgment of a district court sitting as an appellate court on bankruptcy matters is plenary and, accordingly, we independently review the factual determinations and legal conclusions of the bankruptcy court. Key Mechanical Inc. v. BDC 56 LLC (In re BDC 56 LLC), 330 F.3d 111 (2d Cir.2003). We affirm.

The central question for us is whether, after the sale at public auction, but before completion of payment and delivery of the deed, Rodgers possessed "legal or equitable interests" in the property, so that it became part of the bankruptcy estate. 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1). State law generally determines the existence of these interests:

Property interests are created and defined by state law. Unless some federal interest requires a different result, there is no reason why such interests should be analyzed differently simply because an interested party is involved in a bankruptcy proceeding.

Butner v. United States, 440 U.S. 48, 55, 99 S. Ct. 914, 59 L. Ed. 2d 136 (1979).

Two conclusions drove the decisions below. The first is that, under New York law, a tax foreclosure sale occurs when the property is "struck down" at auction, rather than when the deed is conveyed to the purchaser, and this sale extinguishes the debtor's interests in the property, unless a right to redeem exists. The second is that Rodgers's right to redeem expired, at the latest, at the conclusion of the auction. Our review of New York law convinces us that both conclusions are correct.

Section 22 of the Monroe County In Rem Tax Foreclosure Act (the "Foreclosure Act") provides that the right of redemption for any person having "any right, title or interest in or lien upon any parcel included in [a] foreclosure judgment" continues until noon of the day preceding the date of commencement of the public auction.1962, as amended, N.Y. Laws 905. Rodgers acknowledges this provision but insists that § 22 is trumped by another provision of the Foreclosure Act — § 28 — which provides that it is the recording of the deed that finally bars redemption.1 We disagree. Although § 28 makes clear that the recording of the deed extinguishes any interests retained by others and authorizes the grant of fee title, it does not extend or recreate previously expired redemption rights. Moreover, as the bankruptcy court noted, besides the Foreclosure Act, the Notice of Sale and Judgment of Foreclosure and Sale in the tax foreclosure proceeding specifically provided that the last opportunity for the debtor to redeem the property was noon on the day preceding the October 25, 2001 public sale.

As the bankruptcy court further noted, the Foreclosure Act also states that, except as specifically provided in the Act, tax foreclosures are governed by the provisions of law and practice applicable to mortgage foreclosures. 1962 N.Y. Laws 905 § 34(9). Bankruptcy courts have uniformly held that, under New York mortgage foreclosure law, a debtor's right of redemption of, and interest in, the property is extinguished by the auction, not by the subsequent delivery of the deed.2 In reaching this conclusion, these courts have applied principles long embedded in New York law. As one court has noted:

This principle — that a mortgagor's interest in and right to redeem a mortgaged property is terminated by a valid foreclosure sale — whether or not a deed has been delivered to the purchaser — has been part of New York law for over a century. Thus, as early as 1865 the Court of Appeals declared that "the foreclosure, and a sale by the master, barred the mortgagor's equity of redemption ... A deed was not necessary to accomplish that result." Tuthill v. Tracy, 31 N.Y. 157, 162 (1865); accord, Barnard v. Jersey, 39 Misc. 212, 79 N.Y.S. 380 (Sup.Ct.1902) (right to redeem is terminated by the foreclosure sale and not by the Referee's [delivery of the] deed to the purchaser).

Citibank, N.A. v. Press Realty Corp., 139 Misc. 2d 558, 528 N.Y.S.2d 307, 308-09 (Sup.Ct.N.Y.Cty.1988) (emphases added); see also United Capital Corp. v. 183 Lorraine St. Assocs., 251 A.D.2d 400, 675 N.Y.S.2d 543, 543-44 (2d Dep't 1998) ("It is well settled that the owner of the equity of redemption has a right to redeem at any time before an actual sale under a judgment of foreclosure."); Trustco Bank, N.A. v. Eakin, 256 A.D.2d 778, 681 N.Y.S.2d 410, 412 (3d Dep't 1998) ("It is axiomatic that defendants' title and right to possession of the mortgaged premises... continued until the equity of redemption was extinguished at the foreclosure sale.").3

Relying on § 244 of New York's Real Property Law, Rodgers contends that she remained the owner of the property until the actual delivery of the deed. Section 244 provides:

A grant takes effect, so as to vest the estate or interest intended to be conveyed, only from its delivery; and all the rules of law, now in force, in respect to the delivery of deeds, apply to grants hereafter executed.

But this provision does not apply to foreclosure judgments; it governs voluntary transfers of real property, where a seller may retain rights to rescind because he continues to hold legal title. It does not apply where, as here, an owner has lost "`legal [and] equitable interest in real property after a foreclosure sale, even if the formal transfer of the title has not taken place.'" Citibank, 528 N.Y.S.2d at 309 (quoting In re Ghosh, 38 B.R. at 603).

In light of these well-settled principles, we agree with the bankruptcy court that, in the context of either a tax or mortgage foreclosure, under New York law, "once the ability to redeem has been lost pre-petition, the foreclosed property sold at a public sale is no longer property of the estate for purposes of Section 541." (Jan. 10, 2002, Order (No. 01-24220) at 15). Rodgers maintains that her possession of title to the property alone "should have been sufficient to find the Property to be property of the estate," whether or not she had the right to redeem under state law. (Br. at 13). But the critical inquiry is whether she had, under state law, any legal or equitable ownership interest that survived the auction. As we have seen, she did not because "the estate's legal and equitable interests in property rise no higher than those of the debtor," First Fidelity Bank v. McAteer, 985 F.2d 114, 117 (3d Cir.1993) (internal quotation omitted), and the estate only "includes property to which the debtor would have a right if the debtor were solvent." Id. (citing In re La. World Exposition, Inc., 832 F.2d 1391, 1401 (5th Cir.1987)).

Rodgers is correct that the Supreme Court observed in United States v. Whiting Pools, Inc., 462 U.S. 198, 103 S. Ct. 2309, 76 L. Ed. 2d 515 (1983), that "Congress intended a broad range of property to be included in the estate." Id. at 204, 103 S. Ct. 2309. But as the Court's discussion of the legislative history of § 541(a)(1) indicates, "Congress intended to exclude from the estate property of others in which the debtor had some minor interest such as a lien or bare legal title." Id. at 205 n. 8, 103 S. Ct. 2309 (citing 124 Cong. Rec. 32399, 32417 (1978) (remarks of Rep. Edwards)). Because Rodgers lost her legal and equitable interests in the property by virtue of the foreclosure sale, the property did not become property of the estate when the bankruptcy petition was filed.

Finally, Rodgers contends that, even if the property was not property of the bankruptcy estate, her retention of record title barred, by operation of the automatic stay, delivery of the deed to Lissow. Again, we disagree. To reiterate, under New York law, the foreclosure sale "effectively cut off [Rodgers's] legal title" in the foreclosed premises. In re Butchman, 4 B.R. at 380. The purchaser at a public auction is entitled to a deed. See In re Cretella, 42 B.R. at 531. Although Rodgers may have retained some "incidents of ownership," (Jan. 10, 2002 Order at 10), between the time of the sale and the delivery of the deed — for example, a limited right of possession — the delivery of the deed was a ministerial act that did not impair any property interest retained by Rodgers and, thus, was not subject to the automatic stay. See In re Pulcini, 261 B.R. 836, 841 (Bankr.W.D.Pa.2001); cf. Rexnord Holdings, Inc. v. Bidermann, 21 F.3d 522, 527 (2d Cir.1994) (holding that "simple and `ministerial'" act of entry of judgment by court clerk does not violate automatic stay); In re Canney, 284 F.3d at 375 (holding that the issuance of a writ of possession after strict foreclosure "is a ministerial act that is not tolled by the automatic stay provision").

The judgment of the district court is affirmed.